wind-dispersed to neighbouring ears where they can infect seeds at any stage up until soft dough stage. Infection occurs between 10 and 33 °C.…
during rainy periods. When temperature is low, infection may remain latent until conditions are more favourable. This makes it more difficult to…
adults appear about 4 weeks after pupation, but usually remain in the soil until the following spring. Damage symptoms The click beetles feed on the…
Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago nuda f. sp. hordei r emains invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a…
Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago nuda f.sp. tritici remains invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a…
scales reproduce by parthenogenesis. Eggs are protected under the shield until they hatch. The emerging crawlers settle mostly along the main veins on…
hatch. The larvae aggregate in colonies and spin silken nests, which enlarge until the fourth instar when the definitive winter nest is built. In…
Snow 18:00 Place hives above the crop horizontally from approx. week 39 until week 9, depending on the environment conditions. The maximum…
secondary hosts. Colonies are often present on rose bushes throughout autumn until their development is hampered by cold weather. In heated…
temperatures are still low. Winged forms are produced and migrate to other crops until June. Damage symptoms Feeding of shallot aphid on strawberries…
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