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survive as oospores. From these oospores or surviving mycelium sporangia are formed, structures in which zoospores are produced. However, in downy…
sis clavispora is mostly found in plants that have been weakened by some form of stress, from underfertilization to water stress (either too much or…
raspberry aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses,…
1.2-2.2 mm in diameter and circular or oval. The cast skins of the nymph form a light yellow spot near the centre of the scale called the exuvium.…
Rose aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses, reproduction…
generations of females. The strawberry aphids overwinter as parthenogenetic forms. There is no sexual stage and no eggs are laid. Adult wingless…
blackberry aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses,…
conditions, the spots may merge with lesions on the petioles and stems and form long dark streaks. On fruits, first small black specks are seen on…
the stomata or directly through the cuticle. On the lesions, pycnidia are formed from which orange-red masses of two-celled conidia are exuded.…
material. Infection also takes place via wounds. After infection, galls are formed which break open, releasing many bacteria. These are dispersed by…
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